过去完成时表示“过去的过去”——在过去某个时间点之前就已经完成的动作。
结构:had + 过去分词(所有人称都用 had)
When I got to the cinema, the film had begun.(我到电影院时,电影已经开始了。)
“电影开始”发生在“我到达”之前,所以用过去完成时。
时间轴
过去的过去(had done)—— 过去(did)—— 现在
By the end of last term, we had learned 1,000 words.(到上学期末,我们已经学了一千个单词。)
常见标志
by + 过去时间:by the end of last year、by last Friday
before / after 连接的两件事,先发生的用过去完成时:
After he had finished his homework, he went out to play.
when / by the time 引导的从句
常和 already、yet、never、just 连用:He said he had never been to Guilin.
与现在完成时的区别
现在完成时以“现在”为参照:I have finished my homework.(到现在已经写完。)
过去完成时以“过去某时”为参照:I had finished my homework before dinner.(晚饭前就写完了。)
宾语从句里的用法
主句是过去时,从句表示更早发生的事,要用过去完成时:
He told me that he had read the book twice.(他告诉我他已读过两遍。)
口诀
过去的过去 had done,两个动作分先后;先发生的用完成,后发生的用过去。